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@ -246,7 +246,7 @@ There exist many more, which have been detailed in surveys of the field, such as
Exception handling is common in most modern programming languages. It generally consists of a few new instructions used to modify the normal execution flow and later return to it. Exceptions are used to react to an abnormal program behaviour (controlled or not), and either solve the error and continue the execution, or stop the program gracefully. In our work we focus on the Java programming language, so in the following, we describe the elements that Java uses to represent and handle exceptions: Exception handling is common in most modern programming languages. It generally consists of a few new instructions used to modify the normal execution flow and later return to it. Exceptions are used to react to an abnormal program behaviour (controlled or not), and either solve the error and continue the execution, or stop the program gracefully. In our work we focus on the Java programming language, so in the following, we describe the elements that Java uses to represent and handle exceptions:
\begin{description} \begin{description}
\item[Throwable.] An interface that encompasses all the exceptions or errors \item[Throwable.] A type that encompasses all the exceptions or errors
that may be thrown. Its two main implementations are \texttt{Error} for internal errors in the Java Virtual Machine and \texttt{Exception} for normal errors. The first ones are generally not caught, as they indicate a critical internal error, such as running out of memory, or overflowing the stack. The second kind encompasses the rest of exceptions that occur in Java. that may be thrown. Its two main implementations are \texttt{Error} for internal errors in the Java Virtual Machine and \texttt{Exception} for normal errors. The first ones are generally not caught, as they indicate a critical internal error, such as running out of memory, or overflowing the stack. The second kind encompasses the rest of exceptions that occur in Java.
All exceptions can be classified as either \textit{unchecked} All exceptions can be classified as either \textit{unchecked}
(those that extend \texttt{RuntimeException} or \texttt{Error}) or (those that extend \texttt{RuntimeException} or \texttt{Error}) or
@ -260,48 +260,43 @@ Exception handling is common in most modern programming languages. It generally
either the exception is caught or the last method in the stack either the exception is caught or the last method in the stack
(the \texttt{main} method) is popped, and the execution of the program ends (the \texttt{main} method) is popped, and the execution of the program ends
abruptly. abruptly.
\carlos{Review stopped here.}
\item[try.] This statement contains a block of statements and one \item[try.] This statement contains a block of statements and one
or more \texttt{catch} clauses and/or a \texttt{finally} block. or more \texttt{catch} clauses and/or a \texttt{finally} block.
All exceptions thrown in the statements contained or any methods called will be processed by the list of catches. All exceptions thrown in the statements contained or any methods called will be processed by the list of \texttt{catch} statements. If no \texttt{catch} matches the type of the exception, the exception propagates to the \texttt{try} block that contains the current one, or, in its absence, the method that called the current one.
\item[catch.] Contains two elements: a variable declaration (the type must \item[catch.] Contains two elements: a variable declaration, whose type must extend from \texttt{Throwable}, and a block of statements to be executed when an exception of a matching type is thrown.
be an exception \sergio{exception o exception type?}) and a block of statements to be executed when an The type of a thrown exception $T_1$ matches the type of a \texttt{catch} statement $T_2$ if one of the following is true: (1) $T_1 = T_2$, (2) $T_1~\textnormal{extends}~T_2$, (3) $T_1~\textnormal{extends}~T \wedge T~\textnormal{matches}~T_2$.
exception of the corresponding type (or a subtype) is thrown. \textit{catch} clauses are processed sequentially, although their order does not matter, due to the restriction that each type must be placed after all of its subtypes.
\textit{catch} clauses are processed sequentially, and if any matches When a matching clause is found, its block is executed and the rest are ignored.
the type of the thrown exception, its block is executed, and the rest Variable declarations may be of multiple types \texttt{(T1|T2 e)}, when two unrelated types of exception must be caught and the same code executed for both.
are ignored. Variable declarations may be of multiple types If there is an inheritance relationship, the parent suffices.\footnotemark
\texttt{(T1|T2 exc)}, when two unrelated types of exception must be \item[finally.] Contains a block of statements that will always be executed, no matter what, if the \textit{try} is entered.
caught and the same code executed for both. When there is an inheritance It is used to tidy up, for example closing I/O streams. The \texttt{finally} statement can be reached in two ways:
relationship, the parent suffices.\footnotemark with an exception pending ---thrown in \texttt{try} and not captured by
\item[finally.] Contains a block of statements that will always be executed any \texttt{catch}, or thrown inside a \texttt{catch}--- or without it
if the \textit{try} is entered. It is used to tidy up, for example (when the \texttt{try} or \texttt{catch} end successfully). After
closing I/O streams. The \textit{finally} can be reached in two ways:
with an exception pending (thrown in \textit{try} and not captured by
any \textit{catch} or thrown inside a \textit{catch}) or without it
(when the \textit{try} or \textit{catch} block end successfully). After
the last instruction of the block is executed, if there is an exception the last instruction of the block is executed, if there is an exception
pending, control will be passed to the corresponding \textit{catch} or pending, control will be passed to the corresponding \texttt{catch} or
the program will end. Otherwise, the execution continues in the next the program will end. Otherwise, the execution continues in the next
statement after the \textit{try-catch-finally} block. statement after the \texttt{try-catch-finally} block.
\end{description} \end{description}
\footnotetext{Introduced in Java 7, see \url{https://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/technotes/guides/language/catch-multiple.html} for more details.} \footnotetext{Only available from Java 7 onward. For more details, see \url{https://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/technotes/guides/language/catch-multiple.html} (retrieved November 2019).}
\subsection{Exception handling in other programming languages} \subsection{Exception handling in other programming languages}
In almost all programming languages, errors can appear (either through the In almost all programming languages, errors can appear (either through the
developer, the user or the system's fault), and must be dealt with. Most of the developer, the user or the system's fault), and must be dealt with. Most of the
popular object--oriented programs feature some kind of error system, normally popular object--oriented programming languages feature some kind of error system, which normally
very similar to Java's exceptions. In this section, we will perform a small very similar to Java's exceptions. In this section, we will perform a small
survey of the error-handling techniques used on the most popular programming survey of the error-handling techniques used on the most popular programming
languages. The language list has been extracted from a survey performed by the languages. The list of languages to be analysed has been extracted from the results of a survey performed by the
programming Q\&A website Stack programming Q\&A website Stack Overflow\footnote{\url{https://stackoverflow.com}}. The survey contains a
Overflow\footnote{\url{https://stackoverflow.com}}. The survey contains a
question about the technologies used by professional developers in their work, question about the technologies used by professional developers in their work,
and from that list we have extracted those languages with more than $5\%$ usage and from that list we have extracted those languages with more than $5\%$ usage
in the industry. Table~\ref{tab:popular-languages} shows the list and its in the industry. Table~\ref{tab:popular-languages} displays the list and its
source. Except Bash, Assembly, VBA, C and G,\sergio{Bash y companyia no tienen mecanismo de exception handling? o no se parece al de Java? No queda claro en esta frase} the rest of the languages shown source. All languages displayed there feature an exception system similar to Java's, except for Bash, Assembly, VBA, C and Go\footnotemark.
feature an exception system similar to the one appearing in Java.
\footnotetext{PowerShell only features an exception system since version 2.0, released alongside Windows 7.}
\begin{table} \begin{table}
\begin{minipage}{0.6\linewidth} \begin{minipage}{0.6\linewidth}
@ -341,32 +336,25 @@ feature an exception system similar to the one appearing in Java.
\label{tab:popular-languages} \label{tab:popular-languages}
\end{table} \end{table}
\footnotetext{Data from \url{https://insights.stackoverflow.com/survey/2019/\#technology-\_-programming-scripting-and-markup-languages}} \footnotetext{From a survey on software developers by StackOverflow. Source: \url{https://insights.stackoverflow.com/survey/2019/\#technology-\_-programming-scripting-and-markup-languages} (retrieved November 2019).}
The exception systems that are similar to Java are mostly all the same, The exception systems that are similar to Java are mostly all the same,
featuring a \texttt{throw} statement (\texttt{raise} in Python), try-catching featuring a \texttt{throw} statement (i.e. \texttt{raise} in Python), \texttt{try-catch}-like
structure and most include a finally block that may be appended to try blocks. structure, and most include a \texttt{finally} statement that may be appended to \texttt{try} blocks.
The difference resides in the value passed by the exception, which in languages The difference resides in the value passed by the exception.
that feature inheritance it is a class descending from a generic error or In programming languages with inheritance and polymorphism, the value is restricted to any type that extends a generic error type (e.g. \texttt{Throwable} in Java). The exceptions are filtered using types.
exception, and in languages without it\sergio{este ``it" se refiere a inheritance? pon algun objeto y elimina algun it porque hay muchos y me lian xD}, it is an arbitrary value (e.g. In languages without inheritance, the value is an arbitrary one (e.g.
JavaScript, TypeScript). In object--oriented programming, the filtering is JavaScript, TypeScript), with the exceptions being filtered using a boolean condition or pattern to be matched (e.g. JavaScript). In both cases
performed by comparing if the exception is a subtype of the exception being there exists a way to indicate that all possible exceptions should be caught, regardless
caught (Java, C++, C\#, PowerShell\footnotemark, etc.); and in languages with
arbitrary exception values, a boolean condition is specified, and the first
catch block that fulfills its condition is activated, in following\sergio{in following o following?} a pattern
similar to that of \texttt{switch} statements (e.g. JavaScript). In both cases
there exists a way to indicate that all exceptions should be caught, regardless
of type and content. of type and content.
\footnotetext{Only since version 2.0, released with Windows 7.} Regarding the languages that do not offer an exception handling mechanism similar to Java's, error-handling is covered by a variety of systems, which are briefly detailed below.
On the other hand, in \deleted{the other languages } \sergio{``the other languages" es muy vago}\added{those languages that do not offer explicit exception handling mechanisms,} \deleted{there exist a variety of systems that emulate or replace exception handling:}\added{this feature is covered by a variety of systems that emulate or replace their behaviour:}
\begin{description} % bash, vba, C and Go exceptions explained \begin{description} % bash, vba, C and Go exceptions explained
\item[Bash.] The popular Bourne Again SHell features no exception system, apart \item[Bash.] The popular Bourne Again SHell features no exception system, apart
from the user's ability to parse the return code from the last statement from the user's ability to check the return code from the last statement
executed. Traps can also be used to capture erroneous states and tidy up all executed. Traps can also be used to capture erroneous states and tidy up all
files and environment variables before exiting the program. Traps allow the files and environment variables before exiting the program. In essence, traps allow the
programmer to react to a user or system--sent signal, or an exit run from programmer to react to a user or system--sent signal, or an exit run from
within the Bash environment. When a trap is activated, its code run, and the within the Bash environment. When a trap is activated, its code run, and the
signal does not proceed and stop the program. This does not replace a fully signal does not proceed and stop the program. This does not replace a fully
@ -391,10 +379,11 @@ On the other hand, in \deleted{the other languages } \sergio{``the other languag
safe, destroying the current state of the stack and replacing it with the safe, destroying the current state of the stack and replacing it with the
snapshot. Then, the execution continues from the evaluation of snapshot. Then, the execution continues from the evaluation of
\texttt{setjmp}, which returns the second argument passed to \texttt{setjmp}, which returns the second argument passed to
\texttt{longjmp}. \texttt{longjmp}. Example~\ref{exa:exceptions-c} shows this system in action.
\begin{example}[User-built exception system in C] \ \\ \begin{example}[User-built exception handling system in C] \ \\
\label{fig:exceptions-c} \label{exa:exceptions-c}
\begin{minipage}{0.5\linewidth} \begin{figure}[h]
\begin{minipage}{0.45\linewidth}
\begin{lstlisting}[language=C] \begin{lstlisting}[language=C]
int main() { int main() {
if (!setjmp(ref)) { if (!setjmp(ref)) {
@ -406,7 +395,7 @@ int main() {
} }
\end{lstlisting} \end{lstlisting}
\end{minipage} \end{minipage}
\begin{minipage}{0.49\linewidth} \begin{minipage}{0.54\linewidth}
\begin{lstlisting}[language=C] \begin{lstlisting}[language=C]
double safe_sqrt(double x, int ref) { double safe_sqrt(double x, int ref) {
if (x < 0) if (x < 0)
@ -415,7 +404,10 @@ double safe_sqrt(double x, int ref) {
} }
\end{lstlisting} \end{lstlisting}
\end{minipage} \end{minipage}
In the \texttt{main} function, line 2 will be executed twice: first when \caption{A simple \texttt{main} method (left) with an emulated \texttt{try-catch} and a method that computes a square root (left), emulating a \texttt{throw} statement if the number is negative.}
\label{fig:exceptions-c}
\end{figure}
Consider Figure~\ref{fig:exceptions-c}: in the \texttt{main} function, line 2 will be executed twice: first when
it is normally reached ---returning 0 and continuing in line 3--- and the second when line 3 in it is normally reached ---returning 0 and continuing in line 3--- and the second when line 3 in
\texttt{safe\_sqrt} is run, returning the second argument of \texttt{longjmp}, \texttt{safe\_sqrt} is run, returning the second argument of \texttt{longjmp},
and therefore entering the else block in the \texttt{main} method. and therefore entering the else block in the \texttt{main} method.
@ -433,11 +425,11 @@ double safe_sqrt(double x, int ref) {
function has ended or when a \texttt{panic} has been activated--- and function has ended or when a \texttt{panic} has been activated--- and
\texttt{recover} ---stops the panic state and retrieves its value. The \texttt{recover} ---stops the panic state and retrieves its value. The
\texttt{defer} statement doubles as catch and finally, and multiple \texttt{defer} statement doubles as catch and finally, and multiple
instances can be accumulated. When appropriate, they will run in LIFO\deleted{order} instances can be accumulated. When appropriate, they will run in LIFO
(Last In--First Out) \added{order}. (Last In--First Out) order.
\item[Assembly.] Assembly is a representation of machine code, and each computer architecture has its own instruction set, which makes an analysis impossible. In general, though, no unified exception handling is provided. \carlos{complete with more info on kinds of error handling at the processor level or is this out of scope???}\sergio{Si metes una explicacion asi breve que se entienda bien, si va a ser muy tecnico yo pararia aqui. Diria que las excepciones se manejan a nivel de procesador o lo que sea asi por encima y matizao} \item[Assembly.] Assembly is a representation of machine code, and each computer architecture has its own instruction set, which makes an analysis impossible. In general, though, no unified exception handling is provided: each processor architecture may provide its own system or not. As with previous entries on this list, the exception system can be emulated, in this case with the low-level instructions commonly available in most architectures.
\end{description} \end{description}
\footnotetext{For more details on Go's design choices, see \url{https://golang.org/doc/faq\#exceptions}. \carlos{Possible transformation to citation???}\sergio{No creo que nos vaya a hacer falta. Con el state of the art y la intro tendremos bastantes.}\josep{mantenlo como footnote}} \footnotetext{For more details on Go's design choices, see \url{https://golang.org/doc/faq\#exceptions} (retrieved November 2019).}
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